The American Civil War (1861-1865)

The American Civil War(1861-1865), in the United States often referred to as simply the Civil War and sometimes called the “War Between the States”, was a civil war fought over the secession of the Confederate States. Eleven southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America (“the Confederacy”), the other 25 states supported the federal government (“the Union”). After four years of warfare, mostly within the Southern states, the Confederacy surrendered and slavery was abolished everywhere in the nation.

The American Civil War on 1861-1865

Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired on a U.S. military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina. Lincoln responded by calling for a volunteer army from each state to recapture federal property, which led to declarations of secession by four more slave states. In September 1862, the Confederate campaign in Maryland ended in defeat at the Battle of Antietam, which dissuaded the British from intervening. Days after that battle, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal.

The American Civil War on April 12,1861

In September 1862, the Confederate campaign in Maryland ended in defeat at the Battle of Antietam, which dissuaded the British from intervening. Days after that battle, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal.

The Battle of Antietam on September 1862

 In 1863, Confederate general Robert E. Lee’s northward advance ended in defeat at the Battle of Gettysburg.

The Battle of Gettysburg on 1863

 To the west, the Union gained control of the Mississippi River after the Battle of Shiloh (April 1862) and Siege of Vicksburg, Splitting the Confederacy in two and destroying much of their western army. Due to his western successes, Ulysses S. Grant was given command of all Union armies in 1864, and organized the armies of William Tecumseh Sherman, George Meade and others to attack the Confederacy from all directions, increasing the North’s advantage in manpower.

The Battle on 1864

When the Confederate attempt to defend Petersburg failed, the Confederate army retreated but was pursued and defeated, which resulted in Lee’s surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9,1865.

The Battle Petersburg on 1865

Industrialization and Expansion (1815-1861)

After the war of 1812, America had an “Era of Good Feelings” under Presidents James Madison and James Monroe. Under Monroe, the United States policy in North America was the Monroe Doctrine, which suggested that Europe should stop trying to control the United States and other independent countries in the Americas. Around this time, Congress called for something called the “American System”. The American System meant spending money on banking, transportation and communication. Due to the American System, bigger cities and more factories were built. One of the big transportation projects of this time was the Erie Canal, a canal (fake river) in the state of New York.

The Erie Canal

                                        
In the early 19^th century, there was an industrial revolution. Many factories were built in Northeastern cities such as Lowell,Massachusetts.

A factory in Lowell,Massachusett

Most of them made clothes. Many factory workers were women, and some were children or people from Ireland or Germany. Despite this industrialization, America was still a nation of famers.

Young women in Lowell, Massachusett

American History

Independence war of America was a struggle of the thirteen colonies of British American to gain independence.The war happened because the British government try to tax the colonies without the right of representation on the parliament. These taxes include the Sugar Act (1764), Stamp Act (1765), Townsend Duties (1767) and the Tea Act (1773). According to the incident, the British parliament set 5 acts to restrict the freedom of movement of regional politics and the colonists. The rebellion began and led by George Washington at Lexington and Concord. On July 4,1776, the thirteen colonies agreed to the Declaration of Independence of the United States. The war continued even though General Busgoyne had surrendered at Saratoga. Deveates Busgoyne push France ande Britain to declare war spain. Frace is a country that has long been a rival to the British, French provides assistance to America. On the independence ended with the treaty of Paris in 1783. In the agreement, Britain recognized the independence of America.

During and after the war, the United States were United under a weak federal government established by the Articles of  Confederation. When these became unworkable, a new Constitution was written in 1789, and it became the basis for the United States federal government, with war hero George Washington as the country’s first president. The young nation continue to struggle with the scope of central government and with European influence, creating the first political parties in the 1790s , and fighting a second war with Britain in 1812.